The latter term simply refers to a condition in which resources are not being used. These theoretical perspectives allow us not only to clarify concepts, to set them in. These concepts which have come to be known as dependency theories, have not only gained, in a short space of time, widespread acceptance by left wing intellectuals but have also permeated the. Rather than seeing the worlds nations dividing economic labor and interacting as equal partners, dependent development suggests that some nations are able to impose unequal exchanges on others and. Do democracies emerge as a consequence of economic development. The use of the term development to refer to national economic growth emerged in the united states beginning in the 1940s and in association with a key american foreign policy concern.
Dependency theory differs from most western approaches to studying political development. Modernization theory claimed that once developing societies came into contact with western european and north american societies, they would be impelled toward modernization and, eventually, would achieve the economic, political, and social features characteristic of the. The name and concept of development is a bone of contention for many scholars on the globe, mainly following the second world war. Finally, the paper traces how dependency theory can be a useful tool in todays globalized world in order to understand northsouth and regional integration processes and their relation to global inequality. Dependency theory is the notion that resources flow from a periphery of poor and underdeveloped states to a core of wealthy states, enriching the latter at the expense of the former. Start studying development theory marxism, socialism, dependency theory. In sections 5 to 9, the mutual links among them are explored through selected contributions from available literature which focus on development issues. Whether youve loved the book or not, if you give your honest and detailed thoughts then people will find new books that are right for them. Collectively, these theories contrast modernization. Development can be studied under various threads of theories.
By making capitalism as a referent point of analysis, the dependency theory has made it possible to look at development as a dynamic process and underdevelopment as a problem of transition between precapitalist and capitalist societies. The dependency theory, introduced by raul prebisch in the late 1950s, is an economic concept that identifies a financial dependence between the rich and the poor nations. Modernization and dependency theories flashcards quizlet. Matunhu department of development studies, midlands state university, zimbabwe and published in african journal of history and culture vol. Development rostows of development and ist relevance in. Jul 08, 2017 early 1960s, as a consequence of the efforts by a group of development specialists in the united states to develop an alternative to the marxist account of social development. The dependency and worldsystems perspectives on development.
Some aspects of liberation theology and world systems theory are related to dependency theory. Dependent development is a central concept of dependency. Dependency theories and underdevelopment emerald insight. Consequently, the modernization, dependency and multiplicity paradigms were emerged having different approaches to. Jan 03, 2014 a critique of modernization and dependency theories in africa. In section 4, after defining the concepts of development and development paradigms, some key ingredients of recent past and prevailing development recipes are identified. The discourse assesses the influence of modernization and dependency theories on africas development. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. These are the principal theoretical explanations to interpret development efforts carried out especially in the developing countries. Dependency theory is a popular theory within the social sciences to explain economic development of states.
Critics of dependency theory social science theories. The origin of dependency theory came as an alternative to the theories of modernisation and development as formulated and supported by. One advantage of the dependency theory is that the theory arose around 1960 as a reaction to some earlier theories of development which held that all societies progress through similar stages of development, that todays underdeveloped areas are thus in a similar situation to that of todays developed areas at some time in the past, and. Introduction development studies emerged as a postwar world war ii challenge designed to help poorer.
Simply stated these theories are simply that, theories, ideas, hopes, and dreams, just as life is ever changing so must or ideas. The focus of this theory is the totality of society and social system periphery, which highlights the. Modernisation theories and dependency theories can be seen as two different sides of development theories. A critique of modernization and dependency theories in. These concepts which have come to be known as dependency theories, have not only gained, in a short space of time, widespread acceptance by left wing intellectuals but have also permeated the thinking of ldc spokemen who were instrumental in embodying within the 1974 u. Difference between modernization theory and dependency. Is there some level of development beyond which democracies are more likely to fall. The theories of underdevelopment are essentially dependency theories. Some of the eurocentric biases are inherited in these theories of dependency school. There are certain principles of the dependency theory that are based on the marxist theory. Aug 23, 2008 so why have there been modification to these theories throughout the years. Dependent development has typically involved the exporting of primary resources. This perspective has focused on the problem of the underdevelopment of third world countries and on.
Dependency theory was very much about criticizing the western development theories that hindered the underdeveloped countries by exploiting their resources and labour force, as to develop themselves more. The theory developed during the late 1950s and over the following two. Dependent development is a central concept of dependency theory. Africa, development theory, modernisation theory, dependency theory, structural adjustment programmes 1. The discourse pins hope on the african renaissance theory of development. The theories include dependency theory, modernization theory and world system theory. Postdevelopmentthinkingalsoputs forth an antidevelopment position. Development theory economics and political science.
Dependency can be defined as an explanation of the economic development of a state in terms of the external influencespolitical, economic, and culturalon national development policies osvaldo sunkel, national development policy and external dependence in latin america, the journal of development studies, vol. Accordingly,neoliberalism is an antidevelopment perspective,not in termsofgoalsbutintermsofmeans. More specifically, this theory holds that the richer nations increase in wealth at the expense of the poorer nations. Declaration of a new international economic order, the view that. Development theory economics and political science britannica. The conclusion is that both theories have failed to help develop africa. So why have there been modification to these theories throughout the years. Community development is action at the local level not method to be applied by. The theories are down explained one after the other to make a clear understanding of each element basing on its roots that gears to. Both theories have been presented in the following manner. Because, these refinements to the modernization and dependency theory have given a promise of new approaches to the issues of development. This term is used to indicate countries that are less economically developed than the united. On the other hand, they should be based on problem analyses and offer opportunities for development strategies. Does rapid economic growth destabilize democracies.
Third world dependency thinkers were concerned with explaining the unequal and unjust situations in which they and their. Modernization, dependency and structural adjustment. On the one hand, development theories analyze socialeconomic phenomena of underdevelopment and development. Development and underdevelopment in the third world.
Dependency theory argues that the developed countries use the concept of class to establish certain strategies that guard and support their needs. Dependency theory rejects the limited national focus of modernization theory and emphasizes the importance of understanding the complexity of imperialism and its role in shaping postcolonial states. Review journal a paper for theory of political economic development this journal was written by j. These theories are the modernization theory, the dependency theory and the feminist theory. Dependency theory holds that the condition of underdevelopment is precisely the result of the incorporation of the third world economies into the capitalist world system which is dominated by the west and north america randall and theobald 1998, 120, hence in development studies, dependency implies a situation in which a.
Dependency theory has always been quite controversial. This perspective has focused on the problem of the underdevelopment of third world countries and on the key question who has controlled the development. The marxist theory of imperialism explains dominant state expansion while the dependency theory explains underdevelopment. A remedy for dependency theory or foreign dependency would likely require global coordination and agreement. Other readers will always be interested in your opinion of the books youve read. Assuming such a prohibition could be achieved, poor, undeveloped nations would have to be banned from engaging in any sort of incoming economic exchanges with more powerful nations. Chapter three talked about the dependency theory of development. Start studying modernization and dependency theories. Paul baran, in his work the political economy of growth 1973, first published in 1957, pioneered the theory of underdevelopment. Modernization social, economic, cultural changes which lead to a more complex, differentiated and specialized society. The central propositions of dependency theory there are a number of propositions, all of which are contestable, which form the core of dependency theory. This model relates to the scholars like andre gunder frank, samir amin, immanuel wallerstein and h.
The conclusion is that both theories have failed to. Does worldsystems theory and dependency theory offer answers, or are more nuanced. In its most sophisticated variants, modernization theory explains modernization by reference to. The writer used development theories inline with modernization and dependency. Aug 31, 2015 modernization theory and dependency theory are two development theories between which some difference can be identified. First, the dependency theory is a characterization of the international system as comprising of a dominant and a dependent state, where the dominant states are the industrialized nations belonging to the oecd organization for economic cooperation and development, and the dependent states are the states of latin america, africa, and asia. The main objective of this document is to synthesize the main aspects of the four major theories of development. Dependency theory dependency theory has been presented as a theory of development that improves modernisation theory reyes, 2001a. Modernization versus dependency in the context of colonial.
Theories and facts adam przeworski and fernando limongi tables introduction what makes political regimes rise, endure, and fall. Underdevelopment is a condition fundamentally different from undevelopment. Its main tenet is that the periphery of the international economy is being economically exploited drained. In these days of increasing globalization, which appears as an unstoppable and relentless process, structuralist. Difference between modernization theory and dependency theory. A thesis submitted to the school of graduate studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree master of arts mcmaster university august1983. An overview development theories have to deal with two challenges. The book includes a discussion of classical accounts of development, particularly that of marx, but also considers current debates on the issue.
Modernization theory and dependency theory are two development theories between which some difference can be identified. At the beginning of the 1970s, new concepts of development theory began increasingly to be articulated in english by writers inspired by the work of radical latin american scholars. Dependency theory is a mixture of various theories, including world systems theory, historical structure theory, and neomarxist theory. Worldsystems theory, dependency theory and global inequality. Dependency theory highlights that due to colonial and postcolonial endeavors the countries at the periphery are constantly exploited by those at the core. A critique of modernization and dependency theories in africa. Development theory marxism, socialism, dependency theory. However, nobody can deny that dependency theory opened up a new perspective on the realities of international political economy. A common term used in the news and social media today is the developing world. Matunhu department of development studies, midlands state university, zimbabwe. Theories of imperialism, neoimperialism, dependency, world systems theory and other conceptions are.
Development theory development theory dependency and world systems theories. Overview of andre gunder franks dependency theory for aqa a level sociology specification. Chapter two dealt exclusively with the modernisation theory of development. Dependency theory seeks to analyze international politics by concerning itself with the existing unequal relationship among nationstates i. Modernization theory claimed that once developing societies came into contact with western european and north american societies, they would be impelled toward modernization and, eventually, would achieve the economic, political, and social features characteristic of the nations of western europe and the united. It combines elements from a neomarxist theory and adopts a revolution of under developed nations model. Development theory, cluster of research and theories on economic and political development. Development theory dependency and world systems theories. One difference is that this approach originated in the third world primarily latin america, rather than among western academics. It is a central contention of dependency theory that poor states are impoverished and rich ones enriched by the way poor states are integrated into the world. The modernization theory elaborates on two main categories of societies in world, namely the traditional. Stated another way, marxist theories explain the reasons why imperialism occurs, while dependency theories explain the consequences of imperialism. The origin of dependency theory came as an alternative to the theories of modernisation and development as formulated and supported by the western and marxist.
Therefore, dependency theory bases its arguments on the marxist theories. Dependency theory is a kind of developmental theory, which is a major critique of modernisation theory. These theoretical perspectives allow us not only to clarify concepts, to. There is an inability to think beyond the state as the primary and essential agent of economic development. In this video, i look at some of the causes of global economic inequality. Sep 28, 2014 there are three main theories that act as a crosscutting theories through both ridges thus development and under development. Critique of modernization and human capital theory in education.
141 22 108 793 342 818 209 774 1219 1319 1106 611 801 938 1278 10 874 1633 780 1001 1330 778 774 476 1227 551 410 993 601 1113 1373 735 1101 637 1409 797 884 1088 779 1472 344 1484 942 1341